Financial accounts

1. Net lending defined in non-financial accounts (capital account) =

saving + net capital transfers - net acquisition of non-financial assets

2. Net lending defined in financial accounts =

net acquisition of financial assets - net incurrence of liabilities

Savings is non-consumed income and can be invested in financial or non-financial assets. If savings exceed non-financial investments, a sector has surplus of funds and becomes a net lender to other sectors. In the financial transaction account, this means that the sector acquire more financial assets than liabilities. On the other hand, if savings are less than non-financial investments, investments have to be funded either by selling financial assets or incurring debts. For example, household investments in non-financial assets mainly reflect the purchase of new housing and fixed investments by unincorporated enterprises. They typically finance substantial parts of these investments by incurring debt in the form of loans.

Net financial assets (net financial wealth) = total financial assets - total liabilities

The financial balance sheet shows the financial position of a sector at the end of the reference period and is broken down into categories of financial assets and liabilities. The predominant assets held by for example the households, are insurance technical reserves, currency and deposits, while loans provided by financial corporations (banks etc) constitute the main proportion of liabilities.

Changes in net financial asset = net lending + other changes in assets and liabilities

The change in the financial balance sheet during the reference period is a result of accumulated financial transactions and other changes in assets. The latter category mainly reflects revaluations due to changes in market prices of financial instruments.

Accounting system

The accounting system provides the framework and contents required for compiling national accounts statistics. In the system, each financial asset has a counterpart liability. This is reflected by the data structure of the financial accounts which is three-dimensional; creditor sector * debtor sector * financial instrument.

Institutional sector classification

Each institutional sector comprises institutional units with broadly similar behaviour. The institutional units are grouped into mutually exclusive institutional sectors on the basis of economic activity, organisational structure and ownership. Institutional units are autonomous entities that are capable, in their own right, of owning assets, incurring liabilities and engaging in economic activities and in transactions with other entities. In most cases, the institutional unit is identical to the legal unit or persons or groups of persons in the form of households.

The institutional sector classification in the financial accounts is based on the recommendations of the SNA 2008 and ESA 2010. The main sectors of system are detailed below:

1 Total economy

The total economy of a country consists of all institutional units having their centre of predominant economic interest in the economic territory of that country. Such uints are known as resident units, irrespsctive of natonalty and legal form.

Braches and other establishment of Norwegian corporation abroad are not included. See rest of world.

11 Non-financial corporations

The sector covers institutional units engaged in the market production of non-financial products and services.

The reconciliation sector, which shows the inconsistencies between debtor and creditor sector information and sometimes the inconsistencies between the financial accounts and the non-financial accounts, is treated as a separate sector in the working databases in the financial accounts. The data for the reconciliation sector has been added to the non-financial corporation sector in the publications and the reports to Eurostat and OECD.

12 Financial corporations

The sector covers institutional units engaged the market production of financial services and in financial activities. The sector comprise entities that are credit intermediaries or offer insurance products and services, mutual funds, financial holding companies, but also entities whose main activities are financial auxiliary services (e. g. brokerage services, fund management services, financial register services etc.). The main sector is divided into the following sub-sectors:

• 121 Norges Bank
• 1221 Banks
• 1222 Mortgage companies
• 123 Money market funds
• 124 Mutual funds exept money market funds
• 125-127 Other financial corporations
• 128-129 Life insurance corporations, non-life insurance corporations and pension funds

The aggregate sector 125-127 Other financial corporations consists of finance companies, investment trusts, private equity funds, financial holding companies, financial auxiliaries, state lending institutions and state investment companies.

13 General government

The sector covers all state, municipal and county municipal administrative bodies. The Government Pension Fund - Global (previously known as Petroleum Fund) and The Government Pension Fund - Norway (previously known as the National Insurance Scheme Fund) are also included. Non-financial and financial corporations controlled by government are not included.

In addition to carrying out political responsibilities, the general government sector provides and enforces regulations, produces public services (mainly non-market) and redistributes income and wealth. The general government sector has tax revenues, property income and borrowed capital at its disposal. The main sector is divided into the following sub-sectors:

• 131 Central government
• 133 Local government

14 Households

The households sector covers wage-earners, retirees, recipients of national insurance benefits, unincorporated enterprises and tenant-owner’s associations etc. The households consume goods and services, supplies labour and as entrepreneurs, supplies the production of market goods and services. The sector comprises the “consumers of the economy´´. Total consumption expenditure is partly financed by the households themselves, partly by general government and partly by non-profit institutions serving households. The households also produces goods and services for their own consumption. The services related to housing is the largest part of the self-produced, self-consumed service. Because the property in tenant-owner’s associations are considered as owner-tenant properties, the tenant-owner associations are included in the households sector.

15 Non-profit institutions serving households (NPISH)

NPISHs consist of non-profit institutions that are separate legal entities, which serve households and which are principally engaged in the production of non-market goods and services intended for households. Their main resources, apart from those derived from occasional sales, are transfers from general government, voluntary contributions by households and corporations, and property income.

2 Rest of the world

This institutional sector includes all non-resident institutional units that enter into transactions with resident units, or have other economic links with resident units. This includes:

• Non-resident institutional units controlled by foreign or Norwegian corporations.
• Natural persons who are permanent resident abroad (including Norwegian citizens)
• Staff of foreign embassies, foreign embassies and consulates and in Norway

The classification of financial assets and liabilities

The financial accounts include a limited number of financial instrument groups with detailed claims and debt items in the balance sheets of institutional units. The financial instrument links one entity claim to another sector’s debt items. The financial instruments are grouped in claim and debt items with similar economic functions. For example, the payment function is characteristic of coins, notes and salary accounts, while credit is procured through different types of loans. In addition, the liquidity ratio has been the determinant factor for the ranking of financial assets in the classification.

Classification of financial assets and liabilities in the financial accounts is based on the recommendations of the SNA 2008 and ESA 2010. The classifications are described below:

AF1 Monetary gold and drawing rights (SDR)

Comprise gold and special drawing rights (SDRs). Norges Bank sold the rest of its gold reserves in 2004. Before that gold was a very small proportion of the banks total reserves. As a simplification gold is therefore excluded from the financial accounts for the whole period from 1995.

AF2 Currency and deposits

Comprise Norwegian and foreign notes and coins, all types of deposits with commercial banks and savings banks, Norges Bank and foreign banks. The net reserves position with the IMF is also included. The financial accounts distinguish between the following types of detailed financial instruments:

• Currency
• Transferable deposits
• Other deposits

AF3 Dept securities

Comprise short and long-term securities. Short-term securities is defined as negotiable securities with original maturity of maximum one year, while long-term securities comprise instruments defined as tradable standardised debentures with original maturity of more than one year. The financial accounts distinguish between the following types of detailed financial instruments:

• Short-term securities
• Long-term securities

AF4 Loans

This financial instrument includes lending forms other than tradable debentures and certificates and is mainly quantified on the basis of the specifications in accounting statistics for financial corporations. The financial accounts distinguish between the following types of detailed financial instruments:

• Short-term loans
• Long-term loans

AF5 Shares and other equity

The instrument includes ordinary shares in limited liability companies, shares in general partnerships and shares in mutual funds. Shares in foreign companies are also included. Furthermore, the instrument includes tradable Norwegian equity certificates and general government capital contributions in public enterprises and the state lending institutions. As from Q4 2021 the Equity certificates are included in Quoted shares. Before Q4 2021 the instrument is included in Other equity. The financial accounts distinguish between the following types of detailed financial instruments:

• Quoted shares
• Unquoted shares
• Other equity
• Mutual funds shares

AF6 Insurance technical reserves

The instrument includes individual insurance savings and group insurance savings in private life insurance companies and total capital in autonomous municipal and private pension funds. Prepayments of premiums and reserves against outstanding claims in non-life insurance companies are also included. The financial accounts distinguish between the following types of detailed financial instruments:

• Non-life insurance technical reserves
• Life insurance and annuity entitlements
• Pension entitlements - defined contribution
• Pension entitlements - defined benefit
• Claims of pension funds on pension managers

AF7 Financial derivatives and employee stock options

The instrument financial derivatives consists of several types of derivatives and employee stock options. There is a weak source base for compiling transactions. Therefore transactions in AF7 is sometimes adjusted and used for net lending balancing purposes.

AF8 Other accounts receivable/payable

Comprise claims and debt that is due to differences in timing between transactions and payments. For example deferred tax claims/liabilities and unsettled trades of financial instruments. Dwellings held by Norwegian residents in the rest of the world are recorded on AF8, and also Norwegian dwellings held by non-residents. Transactions in AF8 is sometimes adjusted and used for net lending balancing purposes.

Name: Financial accounts
Topic: National accounts and business cycles

Division for Financial Accounts

National level

The first version of the accounts for a quarter is accessible about 70 days after the end of the quarter in question. A normal procedure entails all of the input data accessible for the compilations being incorporated in the financial accounts database system about 2 years after the end of the accounting year.

Eurostat, Organisation for Economic Co-orporation and Development(OECD) and Bank for International Settlement (BIS).

Collected and revised data are stored securely by Statistics Norway in compliance with applicable legislation on data processing.

Statistics Norway can grant access to the source data (de-identified or anonymised microdata) on which the statistics are based, for researchers and public authorities for the purposes of preparing statistical results and analyses. Access can be granted upon application and subject to conditions.

The financial accounts are designed to provide a consistent and comprehensive survey of institutional sectors assets, liabilities and financial transactions. The financial accounts also provide information on asset relationships between different sectors of the domestic economy and between Norway and the rest of the world.

Financial accounts were established by Norges Bank.The purpose was to meet the demand for financial accounts data to macroeconomic models. The financial accounts where published for the first time in 1990 with time series from 1975. A revised database system was launched in 2003 and the name of the system was change to Finse. Responsibility for financial accounts were transferred from Norges Bank to Statistics Norway in January 2007.

Finse is the name of today’s database system for the financial accounts with time series from 1995.

The financial accounts are a part of the national accounts system, which has been an important tool for macroeconomic analysis for many years. Among other things, Statistics Norway's macroeconomic models are mainly based on the national accounts statistics. Other users of the financial accounts data are the Ministry of Finance, Norges Bank, Financial Supervisory Authority, research institutes, financial sector analysts, international organizations, students, the media etc.

No external users have access to the statistics and analyses before they are published and accessible simultaneously for all users on SSB.NO at 08:00 am. Prior to this, a minimum of three months' advance notice is given in the Statistics Release Calendar. This is one of the most important principles in Statistics Norway for ensuring the equal treatment of users.

The relationship between financial accounts and other parts of the national accounts system is given by the balancing item net lending/net borrowing. In theory (SNA 2008 and ESA 2010), net lending derived from the non-financial accounts should be identical to net lending derived from the financial accounts. However, experience shows that significant discrepancies occur for several sectors in the system.

The statistics are developed, produced and disseminated pursuant to Act no. 32 of 21 June 2019 relating to official statistics and Statistics Norway.

Council Regulation No 549/2013 of 21 May 2013, The European system of national and regional accounts in the European Union.

The scope of the national accounts is defined in international guidelines in the System of National Accounts SNA 2008 (published by the UN, OECD, IMF, World Bank and the European Commission) and the European System of national and regional accounts ESA 2010.

The institutional part of the national accounts system describes all economic transactions involving the various institutional sectors and provides information on the stocks of financial and non-financial capital. The delineation of the economy with regard to the rest of the world is based on the concept of resident units. A unit is a resident unit when it is engaged in economic activity in a territory for a long period of time i.e. when it has a centre of economic interest in the economic territory in question for at least one year.

The financial accounts contain two fundamental types of information: flows and stocks. Flows refer to changes in stocks that take place during a certain period of time while stocks refer to the situation at a certain point in time e.g. at the beginning or the end of a period. The financial accounts distinguish between three main types of events that can appear during an accounting period

• Transactions

Changes in stocks that is due to change in ownership of financial assets based on mutual agreement between institutional entities. For example by buying/selling securities, or entering into contracts which simultaneously create a financial asset on one side and a counterpart liability on the other side. (e.g. loan contracts). These events are classified as transactions and they describe the entities behaviour in the financial markets.

• Holding gains, losses and other changes in volume

The values of financial assets can also change due to changes in prices or exchange rates. These events are classified in a separate category and recorded as other changes in stock on the revaluations account (not published).

Changes that are due to extraordinary events (e.g. bankruptcies, natural catastrophes) or events of a non-economic nature (e.g. changes in statistical classifications, new definitions) are treated as a separate category and recorded as other changes in stock on the other change in volume of assets account (not published).

Financial accounts are mainly based on quarterly accounting statistics for financial corporations and mutual funds, quarterly balance of payments data and quarterly data from the Norwegian Central Securities Depository (VPS). The compilations are also based on annual accounting statistics for general government and different types of register-statistics. For areas with incomplete statistical coverage, it is necessary to rely on estimations, judgements and supplementary sources such as statistics for paid and assessed taxes and tax return statistics for individual taxpayers.

Editing is defined here as checking, examining and amending data.

The financial accounts are based on source statistics collected by other divisions in Statistics Norway.

The compilation process comprises a long list of reconciliation procedures and consistency checks, which also contributes to the quality assurance of the different statistical sources.

The source statistics may have to be adjusted in order to fulfil the requirements of the financial accounts; first source data have to be adapted to financial accounts data structure; source data are then balanced in the database system. In cases where we have two or more data sources for the same asset relationship, one data serie is selected according to predetermined rules.

Differences between two sources can be explained by different definitions or estimations of value, but can also occur due to errors and shortcomings in the statistical sources. In cases where errors are revealed, this is reported to the division responsible for the compilation of the statistics in question.

Stocks and transactions are not adjusted. Rates and growth figures (four time series only) are published both adjusted and unadjusted.

Employees of Statistics Norway have a duty of confidentiality.

Statistics Norway does not publish figures if there is a risk of the respondent’s contribution being identified. This means that, as a general rule, figures are not published if fewer than three units form the basis of a cell in a table or if the contribution of one or two respondents constitutes a very large part of the cell total.

Statistics Norway can make exceptions to the general rule if deemed necessary to meet the requirements of the EEA agreement, if the respondent is a public authority, if the respondent has consented to this, or when the information disclosed is openly accessible to the public.

The present database Finse provides comparable quarterly figures over time from the 4th quarter of 1995. The old database Findatr, provides comparable quarterly financial balance sheets from the 4th quarter of 1975. Findatr is not published, but limited data can be transmitted to users on request. Finse and Findatr are not directly comparable.

The financial accounts are compiled using different statistical sources. The uncertainty in the financial accounts figures is related to the uncertainty in source data and the compilation methods. Since the database system is an integrated system containing many routines for balancing and consistency checks of data, one could assume that it would reduce some of the uncertainty in the source data. On the other hand, the financial accounts require compilation of figures in areas where source statistics are very limited or even lacking. The uncertainty can be substantial in these areas.

Particular uncertainty is attached to the sectors Non-financial corporations, Other financial corporations and Households. A lot of effort is put in the compilation of the household sector, but investments in unlisted shares and all kinds of investments by the households in the rest of the world are still associated with uncertainty. The absence of detailed accounting statistics for non-financial and other financial corporations contributes to the uncertainty in these sectors. Residual values coming from the process of balancing other sectors are added to the non-financial corporations sector (residual sector).

Transactions in the instruments Other accounts receivable/payable and Financial derivatives are difficult to compile beacuse of limited sources. Transactions in these instruments are therefore sometimes adjusted with the aim of decreasing the difference between net lending in the financial and non-financial accounts.

A revision is a change to figures that have already been published. Revisions occur every time the financial accounts are published.

The quarterly statistical sources cause small revisions in the financial accounts time series, while annual accounting statistics (general government and public non-financial enterprises) remain preliminary for longer periods and figures are objects of revisions before statistics are regarded as final. The preliminary financial accounts figures are therefore more uncertain than the final figures for a quarter.

Larger revisions are in general performed in August and published in September. Revisions concerning both financial and non-financial accounts are coordinated with the non-financial accounts team. When the accounts are published in September the financial accounts can be revised all the way back to 1995. Larger revisions are mentioned in the publications.

Benchmark revisions are performed every fourth year. The next benchmark revision will be in 2024 and the results will be published in December that year.